The Radium Girls
Women at work in a US Radium Corporation factory
The Radium Girls were a group of female factory workers who contracted radiation poisoning from painting watch dials with glow-in-the-dark paint at the United States Radium factory in Orange, New Jersey around 1917. The women, who had been told the paint was harmless, ingested deadly amounts of radium by licking their paintbrushes to sharpen them. Some also painted their fingernails with the glowing substance.
Five of the women challenged their employer in a court case that established the right of individual workers who contract occupational diseases to sue their employers.
From 1917 to 1926, U.S. Radium Corporation, originally called the Radium Luminous Material Corporation, was engaged in the extraction and purification of radium from carnotite ore to produce luminous paints, which were marketed under the brand name “Undark.” As a defense contractor, U.S. Radium was a major supplier of radioluminescent watches to the military. Their plant in New Jersey employed over a hundred workers, mainly women, to paint radium-lit watch faces and instruments, believing it to be safe.
The U.S. Radium Corporation hired some 70 women to perform various tasks including the handling of radium, while the owners and the scientists familiar with the effects of radium carefully avoided any exposure to it themselves. Chemists at the plant used lead screens, masks and tongs. US Radium had even distributed literature to the medical community describing the “injurious effects” of radium. The owners and scientists at US Radium, familiar with the real hazards of radioactivity, naturally took extensive precautions to protect themselves.
An estimated 4,000 workers were hired by corporations in the U.S. and Canada to paint watch faces with radium. They mixed glue, water and radium powder, and then used camel hair brushes to apply the glowing paint onto dial numbers. The going rate, for painting 250 dials a day, was about a penny and a half per dial. The brushes would lose shape after a few strokes, so the U.S. Radium supervisors encouraged their workers to point the brushes with their lips, or use their tongues to keep them sharp. For fun, the Radium Girls painted their nails, teeth and faces with the deadly paint produced at the factory.
Many of the women later began to suffer from anemia, bone fractures and necrosis of the jaw, a condition now known as radium jaw. It is thought that the x-ray machines used by the medical investigators may have contributed to some of the sickened workers’ ill-health by subjecting them to additional radiation. It turned out at least one of the examinations was a ruse, part of a campaign of disinformation started by the defense contractor. U.S. Radium and other watch-dial companies rejected claims that the afflicted workers were suffering from exposure to radium. For some time, doctors, dentists, and researchers complied with requests from the companies not to release their data. At the urging of the companies, worker deaths were attributed by medical professionals to other causes. Syphilis was often cited in attempts to smear the reputations of the women.
Marked for death at the Radium Dial Co. from the Chicago Daily Times, July 7th, 1937
The story of the abuse perpetrated against the workers is distinguished from most such cases by the fact that the ensuing litigation was covered widely by the media. Plant worker Grace Fryer decided to sue, but it took two years for her to find a lawyer willing to take on U.S. Radium. A total of five factory workers, dubbed the Radium Girls, joined the suit. The litigation and media sensation surrounding the case established legal precedents and triggered the enactment of regulations governing labor safety standards, including a baseline of “provable suffering.”
The Radium Girls saga holds an important place in the history of both the field of health physics and the labor rights movement. The right of individual workers to sue for damages from corporations due to labor abuse was established as a result of the Radium Girls case. In the wake of the case, industrial safety standards were demonstrably enhanced for many decades. Nonetheless, management and the US Government were again guilty of lax standards in the handling of asbestos during WWII ship building.
The case was settled in the fall of 1928, before the trial was deliberated by the jury, and the settlement for each of the Radium Girls was $10,000 (the equivalent of $127,589.47 in 2010 dollars) and a $600 per year annuity while they lived, and all medical and legal expenses incurred would also be paid by the company.
The lawsuit and resulting publicity was a factor in the establishment of occupational disease labor law. Radium dial painters were instructed in proper safety precautions and provided with protective gear. In particular, they no longer shaped paint brushes by lip, and avoided ingesting or breathing the paint. Radium paint was still used in dials as late as the 1950s, but there were no further injuries to dial painters. This served to highlight that the injuries suffered by the Radium Girls were completely preventable.
Robley D. Evans made the first measurements of exhaled radon and radium excretion from a former dial painter in 1933. At MIT he gathered dependable body content measurements from 27 dial painters. This information was used in 1941 by the National Bureau of Standards to establish the tolerance level for radium.
The Center for Human Radiobiology was established at Argonne National Laboratory in 1968. The primary purpose of the Center was providing medical examinations for living dial painters. The project also focused on collection of information, and, in some cases, tissue samples from the radium dial painters. When the project ended in 1993, detailed information of 2,403 cases had been collected. No symptoms were observed in those dial painter cases with less than 1,000 times the natural 226Ra levels found in unexposed individuals, suggesting a threshold for radium-induced malignancies.
Radioactive dials found wide use in military aircraft in World War II, and radium watches were manufactured into the 1950s.
i am middle school student in the 8th grade doing a project on the radium girls for National History day if anyone has information about this topic please email me have a nice day and thanks for your help
Has anyone done a long term study on the health of the children of the women exposed to Radium? I am at the start of The Radium Girls book and do know a few of the women had children. Did they get cancer? I’d love to know if there is any literature on them. I cannot find much online. Thank you.
My grandma was one of ~30 people injected experimentally with radium in 1931 at the Elgin State Hospital – which after reading so much about the circumstances surrounding Radium Dial in the late 1920’s, I can’t believe they actually injected people with it. She was married and had three children over the following 6 years after her injections. I know through my research that very few offspring were tested for what they may have “inherited”. My Dad and his sisters never went through the testing, and the ~20 who did had undetectable or very low levels of radium in their systems. The report I have read if anyone is interested is http://www.ustur.wsu.edu/Radium/files/RaInHumans.pdf 20 offspring did agree to be tested, but it doesn’t say how their mother was exposed to radium. Does anyone out there know if or how the children were affected? My grandma lived a full life and was pretty healthy, although two of her three children had cancer. My Dad passed away from prostate cancer this year. He lived 80 years with the uncomfortable and probably horrifying idea that he had radium in his system, and he wondered if that could have caused his cancer. That bothers me, and I want find out what I can to document our family health history. I wish he would have followed through with testing himself so he would have known for sure. But I think he felt better not knowing.
Thank you for your citation to the Argonne study. My mother was a dial painter and died at 34 years old in 1952. She died of breast cancer. She lived in Chicago and I don’t know if she worked in Ottawa or at some smaller place somewhere in the City of Chicago and anyone who would know this is no longer alive. Very sad history. I am sorry about your grandma.
My mother Ruth Katherine Jones was a radium girl painting numbers on clock and bomb face dials in the mid-1930’s. She died of cancer at 39 leaving five little children. This crime has never been punished!
My mother is 89 years old. She worked in a factory in PA in 1942 and painted dials until the end of the war. She has had her thyroid removed, breast cancer, lost all the skin pigment in her face hands and other parts of her trunk, and most recently has skin cancer all over her body where the radiation burned her.
You can read the articles about the radium girls, but KNOW this: it was not much better working conditions in 1942 after even 20 years had passed from that lawsuit.
There should be payment for all their suffering.
I have been in the Haz. waste field for approx. 20 years. My background (about 70%) involves remediation of radioactive waste. With all the advances in the effects of radiation poisoning and even the advances of technology in this field, there still is such things as non-disclosure, and the “downplaying” of contamination. I was on a job in MA in the early to mid 90s cleaning up a government/private sector site that involved the Manhattan project right thru to the development of D.U rounds manufacturing. It was finally listed as a superfund site after decades (not just years) of blatant disregard for worker safety as well as the general public’s. It was during this sites clean up that the ownership of the company and the federal government flat out lied and said there was absolutely no high levels of radiation. It has been determined that it was in fact contaminated with reactor level radiation on parts of that property. Many of the company’s regular workers and the people I have worked with during the clean up have become extremely sick, with a lawsuit resulting in a max settlement of just over 500k. .
A family member of mine died of “sarcomatosis” of the right hip (bone cancers are common in overexposure to radium and radioactive materials) in 1946 after working in PA painting dials during WW2. She was just out of high school and had been married about a year. It was a major tragedy to the family. Anybody who says in their studies that it didn’t kill and maim women in the 40’s is clueless and hasn’t done proper research.